Sources

Every claim on this site is grounded in the sources below.

Primary sources

• Appian of Alexandria, Punica (Roman History, Book 8)

  literary · greek

• Aristotle, Politics, Book II.11 (the Carthaginian constitution)

  literary · greek

• Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica (Library of History)

  literary · greek

• Hanno the Navigator (attrib.), Periplus of Hanno

  literary · greek

• Marcus Junianus Justinus, Epitome of the Philippic Histories of Pompeius Trogus

  literary · latin

• Titus Livius (Livy), Ab Urbe Condita

  literary · latin

• Cornelius Nepos, De Viris Illustribus, Life of Hannibal

  literary · latin

• Plutarch of Chaeronea, Parallel Lives (selected, Cato the Elder, Fabius Maximus, Marcellus, Aemilius Paullus)

  literary · greek

• Polybius of Megalopolis, Histories

  literary · greek

Modern scholarship

• María Eugenia Aubet, The Phoenicians and the West, Politics, Colonies and Trade (2nd ed.) (2001)
• Pedro Barceló, The Perception of Carthage in Classical Greek Historiography (1994)
• Erich S. Gruen, Rethinking the Other in Antiquity (2011)
• Adrian Goldsworthy, The Fall of Carthage, The Punic Wars 265–146 BC (2003)
• Dexter Hoyos, The Carthaginians (2010)
• Dexter Hoyos, Hannibal's Dynasty: Power and Politics in the Western Mediterranean, 247–183 BC (2003)
• Dexter Hoyos, Unplanned Wars: The Origins of the First and Second Punic Wars (1998)
• Werner Huss, Die Karthager (2004)
• Charles R. Krahmalkov, The Foundation of Carthage, 814 B.C.: The Douïmès Pendant Inscription (1981)
• Serge Lancel, Carthage: A History (1995)
• Eve MacDonald, Carthage: A New History (2015)
• Eve MacDonald, Hannibal: A Hellenistic Life (2015)
• Richard Miles, Carthage Must Be Destroyed: The Rise and Fall of an Ancient Civilization (2010)
• Gilbert Charles Picard and Colette Picard, Daily Life in Carthage at the Time of Hannibal (1961)
• Gilbert Charles Picard and Colette Picard, The Life and Death of Carthage (1968)
• Josephine Crawley Quinn, In Search of the Phoenicians (2018)
• Maurice Sznycer, Carthage et la civilisation punique (1978)
• B. H. Warmington, Carthage (1969)